Digestion: Describe the digestion of a burger Essay

Digestion A burger is broken down mechanically by biting into it. The food in the mouth sets off salivary glands that secrete salivary amylase, which breaks down amylase in the burger. When the food is broken down enough, the tongue shapes the food in a bolus, or a ball. The bolus is pushed back to the pharynx at the back of the throat. The food stimulates the opening of the flap so the good goes down the esophagus, rather than the windpipe. Because of peristalsis, rhythmic waves created by muscles in the throat, the food slides easily down the digestive tract. Salivary amylase continues to break down the starch all the way down the esophagus. When the burger reaches the stomach, the epithelium, or stomach wall, secretes gastric juice which has a very high concentration of hydrochloric acid and breaks up the burger. In the gastric juice is also an enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins called pepsin. This pepsin starts out as the inactive pepsinogen, and is activated by hydrochloric acid in the epithelium. After this, the burger is churned in the stomach and becomes chyme, or vomit. From the stomach, the burger goes through the pyloric sphincter and into the small intestine. In the first 25 cm of the small intestine, the food goes through the duodenum, a place where pancreatic enzymes and bile from the live are stored. Bile, along with the enzyme lipase, breaks down fat while the enzyme nuclease breaks down nucleic acids and various enzymes, such as trypsins and peptidases, break down the proteins. These substances are called by hormones which act based on stimuli received, such as the food in the duodenum. Absorption also occurs in the small intestine because of its large surface area. It has a very large surface area because villi, or finger like projections on the surface, contain microvilli, smaller projections on the surface of the villi. Because of this, the surface area of the small intestine is greatly increased. The large intestine, or colon, has the job of retaining water. It reabsorbs water and nutrients that remain in the lumen. The undigested materials are then excreted in feces, and the digestion of the burger is completed.

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Choose any of the activities on the website. What did you learn by completing the activity? Based on the information provided, why do we still live in a largely segregated country? What do you think about the state of race relations in our country today? I learned that appearance doesn't always tell you about someone's ancestry or self- Identity. Most people base a person's race off of the way they look and In most cases they are wrong because they don't know exactly what race they are by Just looking at them.In the human diversity quiz I was shocked to find out that fruit flies have the most genetic variation. In the split Identity part they mentioned that black women have the highest chance of being strip-searched out of all US citizens. That amazed me because I would think black women would get treated the same as a white women while getting searched In public. I feel Like people still live In a largely segregated country because people allow It to soul be segregated. Most people still group others by race, class, and choices they make in life.I don't think it's segregated cause it's supposed to be its just that way because people make it that way by following one another and doing as others do by separating others from themselves based on characteristics. I hate when I fill out applications for certain things and seeing the check box for race. I think that things should be based off a persons as a whole not the color or race that they are. I think that right there leads people to think that others still need to be segregated and put into groups based on color and race. People at the end of the day are Just people and that's how it should be looked at.

Response to Nelson Mandelas Freedom Speech Essay

Response to Nelson Mandelas Freedom Speech - Essay Example The speech has been written from a South African perspective and it has some cultural connotations about the aspect of togetherness which is treated as a very important aspect towards achievement of freedom. Contextually, the speech tries to portray the idea that united people are likely to emerge victors in the fight against oppression. For instance, young people are referred to as ‘young lions’ in the speech. In this case, the imagery is meant to emphasize the essence of unity given that the lions thrive on this unity in the jungle. This speech is written in the context of promoting peace and freedom among South Africans. This is reflected by the following statement: â€Å"I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination.† Ladies and gentlemen, friends, comrades and fellow South Africans here present, I greet you all and I wish peace for all. Thank you for giving me this opportunity to speak to you about Nelson Mandela’s Free From Jail Speech. I am AntjieKrog, many of you know me as a reporter and poet in both English and Afrikaans. To those who know me, you may recall how Nelson Mandela is a dear friend to me and how he has influenced my life in different ways. Therefore, I would like to pay tribute to this legendary hero through presenting a speech dedicated to Mr. Nelson Mandela. Friends, colleagues and fellow South Africans, may I draw your attention to the words of Nelson Mandela which he said during his trial in 1964: â€Å"I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunity. It is an ideal that I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die†. For years, Mandela was banned from participating in social and political gatherings and was kept under strict police surveillance just because he had the courage

Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data Research Paper

Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data - Research Paper Example Analysis of variance (t-tests) can be used to estimate the probability that the underlying phenomena are not the same (Sergey, &Valery, 2012). Research plays a major role in psychology. The results are relayed through statistics. In order to understand how people behave, think and feel, Psychologists depend on research. Research needs to be organized to be understood by psychologists; therefore statistics help organize the information and make the connection between the research and group of people for easier understanding. These professionals use statistical methods to help them make sense of the numbers they collect when conducting research (James, Glen, Robert, Reid, 1998) Psychology and other human sciences employ statistics in helping understand and in the process solve various issues. A common example can be seen with psychologists’ keen interest on how health is affected by stress. A focused question might involve the study of a specific psychological symptom and its im pact on the health of the population. To assess whether the symptom is a good indicator of stress we need to measure the symptom and stress levels in a sample of individuals from the population. It is not immediately clear how we should go about collecting this sample, i.e. how we should design the study (Mandel, 2012). The data sets that psychologists collect will usually consist of one more observations on one or more variables. A common example can be seen with psychologists’ keen interest.

Critically analyze the arguments against corporate power in Joel Essay

Critically analyze the arguments against corporate power in Joel Bakans book (The Corporation) - Essay Example akan’s famous book â€Å"The Corporation† vividly visualizes these negative demeanors of the corporations and suggests the ways and means to have tighter control over them, mainly to make them to engage in more corporate social responsibility activities. This research essay reviews the above book and details the Bakan’s important critiques and suggestions to make the corporations around the world to be law-abiding citizens. Joel Bakan’s book â€Å" the Corporation â€Å" is a book about the corporate form of business , it salient features as of today , the manner it functions and the impact it has on people and also deals with the so-called corporate social responsibility, and it brings to the front core about various corporate frauds and malpractices together its insulting demeanor. Joel Bakan argues that corporations are facilitated by law to work for their interests than that for others, thereby exploiting others without least respect for moral turpitude or legal frameworks. The so-called doctrine Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the majority of the cases functions to camouflage its true identity or color thereby discarding public interest and enriching self-interest. Bakan is of the opinion that corporations which function as institution , which have the self-drafted mandate to work for its own self-interest and hence , these corporations are nothing but pathological organization, and they are now regarded as the most dangerous organization toothed with extraordinary powers through laws. In Chapter 1, Bakan is of the view that recent corporate scandals like Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Satyam, etc. is not a new phenomenon, but it existed from the inception of corporate form of business. People now started to concern about the mammoth size of multinational companies, and the authority that these companies veil on the gullible public which has made a concomitant demand of introducing harsher regulations to control and manage these corporations. Bakan

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Personal Statement Example way of life is found to be intriguing and offers vast opportunities for a career path with potentials for personal and professional growth on a more holistic and multidisciplinary perspective. Natural science is more than a good choice. It is a dynamic and contemporarily relevant discipline that pervades various facets of human life. It is a broad based science education and will provide me with the theoretical foundation to be an instrumental contributor as a competent and qualified worker for future employers. I look forward to being a proactive citizen of the human race that is committed to protect, preserve and ensure sustainability of the natural resources of the environment. As one of my research findings revealed, natural science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. As I have been made aware, there are diverse disciplines within the Natural Science course that interested students can specialize in. I am actually interested in all disciplines as they are all interconnected and could provide the more holistic and comprehensive development of knowledge and abilities, if taken in its entirety. As a potential candidate for the position in future organizations that have core competencies and requirements for graduates from the Natural Science course, I have envisioned to begin as an environmental technician - gaining hands on field experience, leading to field supervisor or site foreman. I plan to utilize my quantitative and analytical abilities gained as an auditor; my communication and management skills gained as an accountant; and interpersonal skills gained as a floor coverer. Majoring in Bachelor of Science in Natural Science by August, 2011 would enable me to obtain a solid foundation and reinforced understanding of the diverse principles and potential relevant applications of environmental science in our contemporary times and in addressing environmental problems in the future. The

How Does Organizational Change Manifest Organizational Behavior Research Paper

How Does Organizational Change Manifest Organizational Behavior - Research Paper Example The intention of this study is organizational culture as a set of values and beliefs that guides employees on how and when to perform a task. It also states what kind of behavior is expected from the employees and accordingly behaviour should be moulded to fit into the organization’s structure. However, there is a great difference between the perceived behavior and actual behaviour. There is no guarantee or assurance that employees would think and behave in an expected manner. Behaviours are driven by the impact of internal and external factors and thus would differ from what the organization dictates. Organizational culture is the supreme force that shapes the behavior, attitude and understanding of employees within the organization. Culture is a set of rules and values shared amongst the employees. The organizational culture shapes employees perceptions and ideologies along with striking the right cord with the ideologies and beliefs of the organization. Organizational cultu re can be considered as a psychological contract between the employees and the employer based on few formal and informal rules and regulations. There is no denying that behavior and attitude is shaped by the culture and the organization is responsible to offer a positive shape based on ethically accepted principles and norms to create long term mutual support and benefits. The organizational culture of the Turkish National Police is different from that of private companies based on informal communication and approach. The Turkish National Police Administration’s culture is centralized, paramilitary and semi bureaucratic that suggests that employees are supposed to think and behave as per the written and prescribed rules of the organization. This kind of approach may attract conflicts of ideas and understanding that might not shape employee’

Organisational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Organisational behaviour - Essay Example In this context, it could be expected by OSM to show flexibility and positive thinking when having to support innovation in her department. Instead, the response of OSM to the initiative developed by the Director of Administration (DoA), i.e. the replacement of the College’s existing photocopying machines with new ones of advanced technology, has set the relevant project into severe risk. Indeed, as noted in the case study, the OSM seemed to have doubts for the necessity of the new machines from the beginning, meaning the time point when the DoA announced to the OSM her decision to order these machines. Even if the OSM has not made clear her thoughts in advance, she negatively influenced the members of her team in regard to the new machines. At the same time, the replacement of existing photocopying machines has been made for increasing the performance of the OSD, thus for responding to a critical need of that department. However, the negative attitude of OSM has affected the behaviour of all members of OSD. The resistance to change has been so strong that the new machines failed in meeting the targets set by the DoA. The problems related to the low performance of the new machines seem to be related to the inability of OSM to respond to the psychological contract developed between her and the organization (Mullins 2013). In the context of this contract the OSM would feel as responsible to secure the success of all organizational plans, including the project initiated by the DoA. Having to face the opposition of OSM towards the specific project the DoA could focus on increasing the motivation of OSM, and of the members of OSD, in regard to the particular plan. 2a) The lack of motivation in the OSD could be explained using the Attributions Theory of Kelly. In general, the particular theory refers to the perceptions of individuals in regard to the factors that influence the behaviour, meaning both own

The bottled water industry and its effects Essay

The bottled water industry and its effects - Essay Example Another is by strengthening the practices of water conservation. By the year 2012, consumption of bottled water in the United States had risen to almost ten billion gallons representing 5.3% per capita consumption. It was estimated that every individual drank about thirty gallons yearly. Packaged water saw an upsurge in real volume more than any other category of beverage in the country. Sales had increased by 6.7 per cent totaling about eleven billion dollars (Eshleman, 7). The reasons provided for the monumental consumption of this water are that most consumers pay close attention to healthy choices for themselves as well as their families and are assured that a refreshing, safe and convenient bottle of water contains no calories, making it the most suitable choice on the menu. Many also appreciate the reliability and consistency of its quality. Both federal and state governments comprehensively regulate bottled water. The FDA (Food & Drug Administration) regulates it in the food product category, with guidelines that govern its quality as well as its safety, which are as rigorous as those of the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) of tap water (Andrews et al., 174). In spite of this, the bottled water industry has been facing a few challenges with regard to the field of sustainability. In the recent past, colossal opposition against bottled water has developed among an eclectic assortment of such advocates as restaurateurs, activists and even religious leaders. The propositions of the sector’s operations have evoked vocal protestation from local communities. Their rationale is that the production of bottled water requires a lot of energy and generates large amounts of waste that could have long-term environmental effects. Various cities like Chicago have begun taking up action in this respect by taxing bottled water. Others, such as San Francisco have completely banned bottled water from official functions. Toronto has not only banned the

A Combination of Liberal Arts and Christianity Essay Example for Free

A Combination of Liberal Arts and Christianity Essay Two ways of thought and life are combined to make one learning environment. Liberal arts and Christianity seem like two separate concepts to most, but together they create a harmonious setting for an individual to grow in a multitude of ways. A Liberal Arts College creates a life long thinker that becomes adaptable to society using their knowledge to make decisions. In Holmes pg 35 he says, â€Å" Liberal education is an open invitation to join the human race and become more fully human. Its goals are to read and write and thereby think independently, and appreciation of lasting values coupled with the ability to make sound value judgements and live by them, a critical appreciation of the past and responsible creative participation in the future.† We are educated from kindergarden to 12th grade to learn the fundamentals of all subjects with hopes to impact the society as an educated citizen. This hope is continued if we choose to further our education in college with a specific emphasis on a major. Like many students with a major, Christians are faithful students that use the Bible to guide their daily lives, but to the rest of the world they can be viewed as sheltered and limited to their beliefs. This causes a hindering on effectiveness that Christian have in the community and a misunderstanding of the validity of their thoughts. in Holmes pg 6 he supports this thought by saying,† Unless we understand the thought and value-patterns of our day, as well as those of biblical revelation and the Christian community, and unless we speak fluently the language of our contemporaries, we tragically limit our effectiveness.â€Å" With a Christian College education is heightened by integrating literarary works, theories, and concepts to Christian commitment, moral, and faith making a collaboration of endless possibilities. This creates a well rounded opportunity for students to learn at a college with the strengths of both liberal arts and Christianity called a Christian College. We are not limited to any one way of thinking. As people we want to explore and question the how, what, where, and why’s of the world. The Christian College does not limit the ability of self perception or thought, but encourages the process. Using liberal arts to educate the Christian learner and further their insight in the world is a primary purpose of a Christian College. As stated in Holmes pg 8 â€Å"†¦integration of faith and learning remains the distinctive task of the Christion liberal arts college.† The worldview of Christianity should not be  limited to ones home, but incooperated throughout a persons education to further equipt them for a future that will continue to challenge and question their abilities. In support of this thought, On page 36 Holmes writes on the ever lasting benefits of education,† If the person, including what she becomes in this life, has an eternal destiny, then what I become in the process of education lives on forever†¦ Christian liberal arts education has an eternity in view.† For most, being a student is only a fragment of a lifetime. That is why the importance of receiving a well rounded education that a Christian College has to offer is essential to establish a foundation of education to apply to the remaining years of our lives. Learning with a purpose to become a reflective being, and value being, and a responsible agent will prepare an individual to step into the world and make educated, reasonable, and moral decisions. A reflective beings have a passion to learn, ask, and wonder which leads us to analyze and come up with our own thoughts of possibilities. Reflectiveness sometimes leads us to have a birds eye view of a thought as a whole as opposed to thinking in a narrow, closed minded way. Causing us to become more critical thinkers and nurture our natural inquisitions. Holmes states, â€Å" â€Å"To teach a person to read and write is to teach him to think for himself, to develop more fully the possession of his God-given powers. He becomes in fact, not just in possibility, a reflective, thinking being.† Next, as value being takes a worldview of everything important to them and acts on those thoughts and feelings for direction. In a Chirstian College we see those values as what God has created in the the reflection of Him, us. Actions we take have effects and the choices of those actions can not be learned by reading a book, but the foundations of values can guide a person towards a better outcome. Last, there is the need to be a responsible agent. As Christians we are accountable for our actions and are governed by our Lord Jesus Christ. Decisions of right and wrong are presented daily, but as a Christian going to a Christian College we are taught the principles of reasoning through education and guided with the righteous path God has called us to live. The world is filled with possibilities and opportunity, but it is the people we become with the help of a Christian College, that steers us on the road to a life of reflection, value, and responsibility. A Christian College provides a basis in creating a holistic person by incooperating faith with a liberal  arts education. To see life as one picture rather than a million tiny pieces in a puzzle can create a smoother transition from college to the real world. Often students face the delema of just figuring it out. There is no how to manual or direction guide of life. As Christians we look to the bible for answers and get the general idea of what should be done with digging into our faith, but the is an element of critical thinking that must be applied. That kind of thinking is learned though a Christian College. â€Å" If a person, including what she becomes in life, has an eternal destiny, then what I become in the process of education lives forever†¦Christian liberal arts education has an eternity in view.†(Holmes 36) No one person or book can teach us the do and don’ts in life, but a well round education can prepare us for a life of constant decisions and obst acle to overcome.

The Concept Of Civic Education

The Concept Of Civic Education The concept of civic education had its origin in the ancient Greek city-states. Citizen is the agent who react the state politically. In Platos ideal state, there are three classes of citizens: rulers, soldiers, and the people. Citizen of the different levels should accept different civic education. Duties of good citizen are depend on their abilities and role in life. They should do what their best suited to do, and they should create value for society. For example, ruler must have the virtue of wisdom; soldiers should have the virtue of courage. And the rest of the people, such as merchants and farmers must exhibit the virtue of moderation. In my opinion, the organization of Platos ideal city, every classs responsibility is clearly stated; it makes them know their place and cultivates their civic patriotism. After World War II, some countries are aware that such a narrow view of the civic education leads a lot of contradictions. Therefore, patriotism begins to fade. It is not just talk about rights and obligations, but more emphasis on universal values, such as equality, freedom, justice, and aims to train students to become citizens of the world. In the contemporary scholarship on civic education J. Mark Halstead believe that civic education should be analyzed according to three aspect, namely the about citizenship, the good citizenship and the active citizenship. In about citizenship, civic education cultivate well-informed citizens. The good citizenship emphasis students socialize in society, such as obedience, commitment, patriotism and authority of citizenship. In active citizenship, children should have active participation in the political, civil and social life of the community. Davison and Arthur (2006) further stated that citizenship can be divided into passive citizenship and active citizenship. In passive citizenship, as the member of society, citizen performs ones obligations, such as obey laws, be polite. Also, citizen develops the ability to participate in society individually. The development of the critical thinking, and enable an individual to participate in society are necessary for active citizenship. In Hong Kong, according to Leung, civic education cultivates the sense of belonging to China and the sense of pride of being a Chinese in One Country, Two Systems policy. According to the Basic Education Curriculum Guide of Moral and Civic Education, there are five priority values and attitudes that are essential to students personal and social development, such as Perseverance, Respect for Others, Responsibility, National Identity and Commitment. The aim of civic education in Hong Kong is to help students to become knowledgeable and responsible citizens and committed to the well-being of their fellow humans. In other hand, national education can be divided into five forms: cosmopolitan nationalism, civic nationalism, cultural nationalism, anti-colonial nationalism and totalitarian nationalism'(Leung, 2002). First, cosmopolitan nationalism is the all human ethnic groups are who on his mind believe that people are equal and show respect, deep concern and love, in disregard of race, gender, nationality, religion, class and believe that the improvement of mankind is the responsibility of individuals. Second, civic nationalism defines the nation as an association of people with equal and shared political rights, in disregard of race, color, creed, gender, language of ethnicity. Citizens participation in governing and policy of the nation is not limited. Third, cultural nationalism is a form of nationalism in which the high cohesion of nation by a shared culture. Cultural nationalism builds up a national identity by the same cultural traditions, historic territory, and the unity and national consciousness of the nation. Fourth, Anti-colonial nationalism defines the nation stand against oppressive, imperialist and colonial regimes. Citizen has strong desire to fight against foreign rulers of political and economic independence and racial equality. Parmenter (2005) had proposed that national unity and national identity can be developed through national education. National education systems inevitably co-exist with nationalism. A nation can be unified by the administrative systems of national education systems. And become a sense of the imagined community of the nation (Anderson, 1991). The aim of National education feels they are take part in the national sense of belonging. Through National education, citizens are educated to see themselves as part of the nation, and educated into ways of behaving and thinking appropriately as a member of the nation (Reicher and Hopkins, 2001). The Minister of Education in the Peoples Republic of China, Yuan Guiren claims that all nationals should receive national education. And the former deputy director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office, Chen Zuoer said that national education is essential in every nation, so Hong Kong people should have responsibility to contribute to the country. But some scholars refute the argument that why Hong Kong people have to accept to receive national education as a citizen. It showed the problem that there is a contradictory relationship between civic education and national education. Parmenter (2005) holds that National unity and national identity thrive on difference with outsiders, and this is where national education can come into conflict with cosmopolitan identity and citizenship, which is based on the premise that all people are equal and similar citizens of the world. First, National education is too much emphasis on increasing sense of belonging. If national education emphasize on increasing sense of belonging in a large part, national education fosters patriotism. According to Leung, identity is a two-edged sword, it can build up national patriotism of citizens, but it can also lead to serious consequences. Totalitarian nationalism represents the term patriotism. It emphasizes the loyalty and absolute obedience to the state and the ideology of the party and its leaders. The love for the country is equivalent to the love for the ruling political party and its ideologies, and the citizen firmly believed that the ruling political party is the savior of the nation. Hong Kong people definitely reject education for totalitarian nationalism, because all related concepts communism, communist party, socialism and the politics in Mainland China. It very alien to people and political culture of Hong Kong people and they were afraid of the politics of Mainl and China. Also, Leung criticizes the education bureau discarded civic education and change into national education. National education excludes the universal value of civic education. Leung criticizes national education only focuses on emotional recognition, establish sense of identity through glory of nation. It will cover up all the faults of the party of nation, lack of criticism of the party, and ignore the civil and human rights. It not helps thinking about the discussion of human rights of the nation. The core values of Hong Kong is freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law etc., is also known as the universal values of human rights, democracy, freedom. It is not expedient that Democracy and human rights is the value of belonging to the world of the country. Leung points out that the National domain of national education does not mention national issues from the point of view of the world. It may limit the horizons of the students, and narrow space of interpretation, lead the universal values change into the Chinese characteristic values National education emphases on patriotic rituals like flag raising ceremonies. The flag-raising ceremony of national flag and SAR flag is raised every morning once a month. According to Fairbrother, patriotic rituals such as the flag-raising ceremony are formalities that have no educational purpose but indoctrination. Leung believes that national education emphasize the Emotion and national identity, it ignore the critical thinking. According to Cheng, positive teaching materials of national education cannot nurture a critical thinking attitude on the part of students. Worries about the essential areas of civic education, such as human rights, democratic education were neglected because the national education is in high priority between national education and civic education. Choi Po King pointed out that if the national education emphasized instill identify with the political consciousness of the country, it violate the principle of civic education, such as independent and critical thinking, emotional and irrational (Choi Po King, as cited in Leung, 1995). The model of national education in China is outdated. Morley claims that a nations shrinking national boundaries are shirked and blurred through travel, media and electronic networks. The concept of territorial identity and citizenship is not necessary. Also, the concepts of place, and specific place of their location, are changing (Morley, 2000). Parmenter (2005) holds that there is no theoretical reason why there are conflict between national education and civic citizenship because the coexistence of state and world citizenship are accepted in the ancient Greek. Individuals should realize that they have of multiple identities and they are in various territorial spheres of life. The concept of multiple identities is based on the notion of as a composite of multiple, often contradictory, self-understandings and identities.They think that they are the I fluctuate among different and even opposed positions (Hermans, Kempem van Loon, 1992). There is no contradiction between national identity and citizenship on the one hand, and cosmopolitan identity and citizenship. The co-existence of the two identities and citizenships is recognized to some extent in reality as well as theory. Cosmopolitanism is a way of viewing the world that among other things dispenses with national exclusivity, dichotomous forms of gendered and racial thinking and rigid separations between culture and nature. Such a sensibility would be open to the new spaces of political and ethical engagement that seeks to appreciate the ways in which humanity is mixed into intercultural ways of life. (Stevenson, 2003) The aim of such national education would be cosmopolitanism. It is because a critical and balanced national identity and sense of national citizenship can be achieved by the stimulation of the right of cosmopolitan identity and citizenship. Peoples horizons can widen through national education. Peoples identities not only focus on the nation, they can take a board view of the world. The development of National education in Hong Kong is special, the identity of Hong Kong changes from a British colony into a Chinese Special Administrative Region. As early as in 1985, the Education Department Guidelines on Civic Education in Schools require students to understanding China Affairs, patriotic and proud of being Chinese. Due to the political Environment, Hong Kong peoples understanding of national identity is not clear, national education commenced in the absence of clear national concept. Although schools teach Chinese language and Chinese history, but only focus on knowledge of subjects. Civic education focused on understanding of the society, and the practice of the citizens in the world, not stressed explicitly to develop students sense of national identity. The Guidelines on Civic Education in School (DCC, 1996) published in 1996 also emphasized education for human rights, democracy, education for the rule of law, and national education, global education of critical thinking (Leung, Chai Ng, 2000). But this guideline is just policy documents, it avoids the contradiction between national education and Civic Education, national education should not simply bring into Civic Education. The guidelines stressed democracy, the rule of law, human rights education and critical thinking. But in other side, it emphasizes students positive values and attitudes and identity-building, and builds up a sense of closeness and belonging with the motherland. In my opinion, the aim of Civic Education, national education is different; it makes contradiction and confusion of identity. The promotion of national education has become a central element in curriculum development since 1997. Soon after 1997, government circulars were issued to remind schools to raise the national flag on significant occasions and to use national symbols (Lee, 2008). Tung Chee-hwa , the first Chief Executive, highlighted national education and patriotism to develop a nation identity and called on the community to work together to foster patriotic Chinese citizens. In 2001 report on curriculum development, students should know their national identity; do their utmost to contribute to the country and to society. But still labeled as civic education and was promoted gradually through practice participation. A National Education Center was also established under the management of a pro-China education body, the Federation of Education Workers, in 2004. I participated in a tour in A National Education Center about celebration of the sixtieth anniversary of the victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War. One of the aims of the tour is strengthen the national identity of motherland. I visited lots of historical sights about the Second Sino-Japanese War and attend the seminar that titled three years and eight months, the period of the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. I listen seriously the history of Second Sino-Japanese War and her personal experiences. I am impressed with what she said about the difficulties in war and she thinks what she does in the war or giving seminars to primary and secondary school or public is a blessing for her, because she can do for the country. It makes me understand the truth of loving country, just pay, without asking for anything in return. In 2007 Policy Address, The HKSAR Government promotes grow to love our motherland and Hong Kong, aspire to win honor and make contributions for our country. The SAR government starts to promote National education from schools to communities. Nurturing awareness of national identity and national self-Sense of pride and a sense of responsibility there is interest in the implementation of one country, two systems, to maintain Hong Kong and the country held continued development and prosperity. In school, Teachers and students are sponsored to visit the mainland through exchange programmes in order to gain a better understanding of the current development of China and to develop a sense of national identity through personal experience. In 2004, the Education and Manpower Bureau (EMB, later renamed EDB, the Education Bureau) launched a national education programme as part of the youth leadership award scheme, arranging for one hundred and seventy student leaders to enroll in an 11-day programme in Beijing (Lee, 2008). Teachers, school middle managers and principals have also been invited to subsidized training programmes co-organized by local universities and mainland universities every year in the last decade (Lee, 2008). According to the Policy Address 2008, the government has injected additional resources to provide more extensive mainland exchange opportunities for pupils, including upper primary and junior secondary students. The Tonggen Tongxin (same root, same heart) programme, first introduced in 2008-9 by the EDB, is specially organized for upper primary and junior secondary students. In the school year of 2010-2011, the said programme provides 16 itineraries with designated themes accommodating 27,000 places for participating local teachers and students. In addition, a consultation paper on the Moral and National Education Curriculum (EDB, 2011) was released early this year suggesting Hong Kong students to receive further political socialization in the primary and secondary school, with national education as an independent subject. The guidelines on patriotic rituals from the EDB put great amount of resources into schools, communities and media to promote nationalistic education, the elements of citizenship education become unbalanced and not included in the mainstream curriculum, such as human rights, democracy and social justice(Tse, 2007). In my school, my music teachers teach students singing the national anthem in music lessons and school assemblies. The British national anthem God save the Queen was regarded as the anthem for Hong Kong before reverting to China in 1997. After 1997, March of the Volunteers, the anthem of the Peoples Republic of China became Hong Kongs anthem, it boosts teenagers sense of belonging to their country. Although I dont have Liberal Studies lesson, my History teacher likes to tell us the current news and analyze the pros and cons of opinions. Also, my school invited some scholars for seminar, such as Allen Lee Peng Fei. In communities, the international competition and events can foster Hong Kong peoples sense of belonging of China. The HKSAR government invited some famous national sportsmen, who succeeded winning in the Beijing Olympics attend the reunification celebration events in Hong Kong Stadium. The first spacewalk by a Chinese astronaut also heightened the sense of belonging of being Chinese, because Hong Kong people take pride in the athletes. It tightened links between Hong Kong and China. Television announcements in public, an anthem plays in Our Home Our Country before 6:30 news report; it shows the pictures of different classes of Chinese people, it means the Chinese people should stay together. The TV broadcasting programs A Bite of China is a Chinese documentary television series about the traditional Chinese cuisine all around China in 2012. But it just show the positive way of China, such as Chinese culture. If Hong Kong people ignore the negative site of China, it limits the thinking and become political indoctrination because the ultimate goal of civic education is to cultivate rational, independent, critical thinking and active participation of citizens. National Education cultivates students agree with the identity of the Chinese and enhance the students awareness of Chinese identity by participation and contribution of local, national and world affairs. There are the things that can enhance citizens identity and a sense of belonging. In my opinion, I dont think that patriotism can be taught just like you cannot teach someone how to love somebody or something. I think every Hong Kong people should have a right to choose whether he or she love his or her country and agree or not with the culture of China, and a feeling that they are part of China. To make these decisions, Hong Kong people should understand more about their country China in three different ways. If most of the Hong Kong people have high standard of critical thinking, a mature civic society can be appear. In conclusion, citizenship education could contribute to the development of open-minded national education for cosmopolitan and liberal cities like Hong Kong.