The Report On Human Behaviour And Hrm Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4644 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In this report students have to describe 4 chosen theory of Human Behavior and Human Resources management topic. To support the theory students needs to analyze how its work in practice and describe in details the application of selected topic in the company where student did their work experience. In this report I will describe the following behavior theories: F.W Taylor management theory, Adams Equity Theory, McClelland acquired needs theory, Vroom Expectancy Theory. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Report On Human Behaviour And Hrm Business Essay" essay for you Create order My chose HR topic is Planning, Recruitment and Selection and how this is applied in practice I will describe using my work placement experience in company called ADVANZ Hydrotherapy located in Tallaght Business Park, Dublin 24. Terms of References On January 2013 the Business Management teacher Karen Abberton requested a 4000-50000 word business management report on the Human Behaviour Theory and HRM. Students have to describe 4 motivation theories about human behaviour and analyse how these theories apply/work in the organisation where students do/did their work experience. This report was to be submitted by 18th March 2013 in partial completion of the FETAC, Level 6 (Business Management) module. Recommendations were requested. Method of Procedure Completing this report my first source of information was an actual work placement and theory covered in class. The information I got in the class I discussed with company manager, what helped me to analyze the theory and that use in real life. It is clear that theory is not fully used at work, but some of it ideas will be always placed in management work and strategy. My second source of information was internet, which I used to read more about the theories and how were these introduced to the world, why they took place in management history and what are the main points. Findings Description of HR topic Success of leading companies depends on the creation of efficient methods of human resources management at the organizational level. The main role of it is the formation of strategic approach to the use and development of labor potential. Any company needs to have a strategy and it is natural to choose employees to their respective strategies. I believe that the company business depends not only from the strategy but also from the management style and how managing department respect other people in the company. It is necessary that employees will be treated as assets of the company, as the human potential needs to motivate and develop in order to achieve the strategic goals of the organization. Here in this part of assignment I will describe a very important part of human resource management job such as planning, recruiting and selection. Every successful manager or company must have a plan and there is no doubt about it. Plan is not only organiz ing a person or company to work properly and stable- it helps in many reasons such as achievements of better results and creating a better market shares, analyzing the job and set of new goals and made the job in the company more constant in the business its works. Plan is actual set of companys goals and that should be created absolutely in every department of the organization in order to achieve the better results. Having a plan will help to reduce a company cost on several aspects like overstaffed or overspending on materials if this is a factory or overstock in any retailers, but also will help to create a right picture of companys position in the market for every certain moment, will help to create a proper timetable for staff development and motivation, improves company whole business and finally plan this is what save company time and money. Also a well made plan helps managers to create a future picture about company development, like opening a new branch or set a new pro ject or even hiring another staff member. There are different aspects of planning and this is depends on department where plan was set on. Human Resources planning consist of 3 terms: short term within a year- this is a plan for maternity leave or for temporary replacement, medium term gap (1 to 5 years) needs more care when taking this type of planning as this plan lasting for longer period and as example there might be a company project. The last one is long term gap which is more than 5 years plan, what could be a temporary career break. The main part of the job for Human resources department is to look after the company staff members, such as recruitment and selection, training and development, resolving staff problems and issues that arise and motivation. And all of these actions need a good, well thought plan. In my opinion the most difficult plan for Human Resources department is to settle down a proper employment contract or organize a disciplinary handbook. Because these actions are legal issues and needs to be created following the employment law legislation. Before starting recruitment process Human Resources department must go through a selection process. Preparing for recruitment process HR Department have to go through 3 stages: preparing job description-clearly mark job title and duties involved in it, qualification and skills requirements, terms and conditions of employment such as salary, bonuses, holiday days, clarify location of work. Then the HR department must to spread away job offer advertising. At the beginning company will let their staff members to know about job offer. This type of advertising called internal. Before placing an advertising externally HR Department have to think maybe there is a person who wants to be promoted or somebody wants to step back (internal demotion). May be here is somebody who wants to try new role and that called internal transfer, if employee would like to change a department temporary or may be some of the staff members might recommend a right person for a role that been advertised. That shows respect to the staff members as a company wants their staff knows first about the offer made and this is mean that management does care about them plus that save a lot of time. If there is no right person within the company then advertising will be placed in internet or employment agencies- external advertising. Afterwards when company will receive a thousands of CV and application letters HR department have to settle down another plan or rule -how to choose interviewee. For sure, department will not spend their time going trough all CVs. If CV is not suits Company requirements or CV is not made according the standards (layout and grammar), such a CV will go to the bin. Preparing a CV a person has to make sure there are at least no grammar mistakes and layout looks professionally including a name, phone, address, education history, employment history, interest and hobbies. Before completing the list of interviewees department has to create a picture of ideal candidate: defining the right education and qualifications, skills, experience. Aviations companies might even ask candidates send a picture as they have standards of how stewardess has to look like. Also HR will pay attention on personal qualities such as interest, ability to work with other, what motivates the person, did person completed an extra study, and how person works under stress and overall how the person cope with life. Analyzing a CV employer might pay attention on record of employment or gaps of employment and what was happened during these gaps. This is not really a good sign if employee was changing a job too often (as example every year) or if an employee worked too long with one company (more then 7 years). To understand these entire qualities interviewer will made a short list of questions for them and get ready for interview. There are different set of questions: direct-w hen there is only two answers like Yes or No. Topic-changing question- transfers an interviewee from one topic to another. This question is good in case if candidate went too long answering one question. And also creates a better flow and control during the interview. Probing questions allow interviewee to expand on their answers, but answering on such a questions candidate needs to attached evidence and experience, because that what employer are looking from asking such a question. Opened-ended questions allows candidate to relax, because it is allows talk more and this is really suits shy candidate. Reflecting questions expecting an answer Yes or No. These are very straight questions. The last one is a specific question like: Tell me about time when, what level of achievement, how good are you on working with the team, what will you doing ifÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ There are many types and procedures organizing the interview and this are really depend on company strateg y. Sometimes there might just one to one interview- individual. The advantage of that interview is that interview is cheaper for the company and less stress for the interviewee, but because there is only one person doing the interview there is higher chance of personal attitude from the side of interviewer for an example racial discrimination, personal dislike, religion dislike. Interviewing panel-when is 2-3 interviewers attending the interview. This type of interview will be more expensive and much harder for candidate. But this is reducing level of bias. Selection board is when there are 3-5 interviewers and all of them involved into the interview. They will ask all different questions what create more challenging atmosphere for interviewee. This type of interview will suit for very confident persons and probably used when company hiring a person to cover a highest position in the company such as department manager. There is another type of interview called group selecti on. Candidates performing under the task given and employer will observe people while completing the task. This task is usually based on problem solving and this will help employer to see how candidates work in group, who is a leader and who is a follower. So the main function of interview is to check candidate for quality and credibility, because a lot of people are laying on their CVs. Employer will check candidates asking a probing questions as well. Usually if the candidate passes the first interview it will bring the person to second phase-assessment or second interview. During the assessment phase employer likes to use group interview or singly tested doing some exercises. Candidates will be more tested. During the interview candidates will get more information about the company, work place and job process and might get feedback on the results. The last phase of interview is negotiating part. This is time when employer will check all the references and go through last questions to clarify that offer is clear and accepted. Candidate discusses about terms and condition such as salary, bonuses, holidays days. If two parts of interview are happy enough candidates gets a position. Behavioral Theory Over the past years and decades, many successful organizations are increasingly paying attention to the quality use of a management system. Management of the companies are trying to establish an effective management system and one of the most important condition for the successful implementation is the involvement of staff in efforts to develop and improve the system. There are many different theories about staff motivation and effectiveness of management process, developed by experts and scholars such as F.W. Taylor, Maslow, Alderfer, McClelland, Hertzberg, McGregor and Vroom. Reading Scientific Management Theory written by F.W Taylor I had different opinion and feeling on it. I used to work in a company where I had an assistant manager pos ition, so I do have some management skills. I absolutely agree with a theory in a sense that any senior person should have a clear plan of work and give clear instructions to workers and sometimes even give a time limit to complete the task. But in the same time company management have to realize that this type of management is not suitable for every organization. Companies where people have to work on their own initiative, like a designers, marketing departments, staff in crà ¨ches will not be able to follow the whole system as their work mostly requires a creative approach. Or some of logistic companies will not be able to follow this theory in all aspects, as their job depends on many factors like weather circumstances, or cars condition and other. But as Taylor I do not like people who are working just because they have to work. I am a person who likes and prefer to work while at work and work hard. I do understand that Taylor theory is totally suit people with workaholic at titude. I pure agree that people who trying avoid the tasks or do work slowly in a purpose should not be treated as other hard working people or should be dismissed. There are main points of Taylors Theory: Management has find the best and quickest way of completing the task observing the tasks complication by staff members Define the best ways of completing the task based on the most rational way of doing the tasks and define the performance requirement for the results. Educate workers Selection of most suitable workers. According to Taylors theory the best works are people with high money motivation, who will work extremely hard if they know that they will receives some amount of money afterwards. Improvement of tools for work-make work completion as easiest as possible using the right materials or facilities and equipments Creating a best atmosphere for work Clear and understandable chain between the results and the amount of labor. The calculated syste m of the work performed. Providing people with clear information about what they have to do and about their results Establishing good relationship between administration and workers.  ¯https://www.allmotivators.ru/theory/process/teoriya Reading trough his theory I did not find any evidence showing that factories where his theory was in use creates a good atmosphere at work and have good staff motivation. In my opinion this is not good work atmosphere where is a placement role like guards. Their part of job is to control other workers speed and not allowed them to work slowly or even slow down. This feels like people work in a sweatshop factory or they are like slaves. Concluding his theory I might say that this theory is good for the company, orientated on profit, results and good place in the market with high performance and leadership, but will not suit for many workers. As from the motivation aspects there is only money aspect that will push people to work, but how many people have such an attitude? I do not think that just money might be a greatest motivator for people.  ¯https://www.hr-portal.ru/article/teorii-motivatsii-nauchnoe-upravlenie-f-teilora Another theory which I like and very agreed with that is McClelland acquired needs theory. This theory is based on the fact that there are people who have an increased need for achievements and such a people usually work much harder and do better. But unique part of this theory is that people who have low level of such a need can develop it through training. This theory is totally apply to me as my experience shows if I do not received appreciate training or I do not get enough challenges I likely to became bored. A believe this is a good theory for staff motivation and developing. Using such a theory company management might create for themselves (organization) a good and professional group of staff members and avoiding staff flow and waste of time. Talking about Adam s Equity Theory I might say that this is seems to me like ideal theory for the employees. This theory based on fact that employees compare their job and efforts they put into it to the benefit, and rewards they getting back from it. And at the same time they compare themselves with somebody else at the same work and how other perform, how much effort they put and what they got. Because only comparing with somebody else might give an honest, fair balance. If an employee sees injustice, he is losing the motivation to inputs of effort at work and then there is an insult to the management. If wages are lower labor performed, the employee is making less effort such as starts late for work, leaving early, late on breaks and refuses taking an extra task or responsibility. If the employee knows that his wages are higher than labor performed than he/she feels guilty in sense of others and keeps work hard. Here is an equity comes. Saying that we cannot expect all people will follow this wa y for sure. Some people are happy to have a lot of money for doing nothing. Justice is equal to the ratio of labor costs to the reward. There is simple way of explaining Adams theory using such a diagram: Here in this diagram I tried to illustrate balance between outputs and inputs. Surely people would like to be treated properly and appropriate way, but how to know what is the right way. The more people there are the more different opinions. Different people respond differently on the sense of injustice. Understanding of the equity theory helps managers understand that improving the environment for a single person, you can change the perception of other people and upset the balance of weights and therefore, it will create more problems. That why in the beginning I sad that this theory is seems to be ideal for employee but very hard to manage for employer.  ¯https://www.allmotivators.ru/theory/process/teoriya-dzh-adamsa/ Vroom Expectancy Theory Vroom Theory based on the fact that employees have different expectations as to what they do. Management needs to understand what resources, training and checks will suit to the right person. Vroom understands that performance of the employee is based on individual factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and ability. The expectations theory states that people can be motivated if they have certain goals and expectations for the completed goals. Vroom Expectancy theory is based on 3 factors: Expectancy-management has to understand what kinds of resources are suitable for an employee. Instrumentality- management has to control that all employee expectation and promises were achieved. Valance-management has to realize what employee value and appreciate. These three beliefs interact psychologically and so are the motivators. Based on everything above Vroom has a formula where: motivation= Valance ÃÆ'Æ’- Expectancy.  ¯https://www.hr-p ortal.ru/varticle/expectancy-theory-teoriya-ozhidaniy-vroom Behavioral Theory and HRM Before to start my work experience I set up a few goals which I liked to learn during the process. These were to learn about professional management and ethic while running a personal business and which necessary points I have to know employing people. There is no particular HR department in the company. Advanz Hydrotherapy HR department is an actual manager/director of the company. Communicating and discussing such a question with the manager I have to come back to the time when manager start his career in the Advanz. He creates a plan for personal development and skills achievements, as bathroom industry was completely new industry for him. He learned from the company founders, from the suppliers and competitors. Research reports about industry also fulfill his knowledge. Only when he brings himself to the certain level he took a managing position in the company. Summarizing this informa tion I want to say that from the personal development he understands what type of people he wants to see in the company and which skills are required for work. Because of the company size manager do not waste a lot of money or time during employment period. This is not a tall hierarchy level company, where needs to hire employees for different departments. Company needs only few people for the factory and few office people. He takes it simple and actually people who have been employed once still working in the company. There is no staff flow in the company, what actually mean that staff members are happy with everything. From another point it might be because of recession where people afraid to lose their job. Anyway if manager will need an extra person firstly he will use internal advertising. There are some evidences about it: when professional factory staff member left the company he brought his friend to cover his role. Manager does like taking people which are recommended from somebody else, rather than wasting time and money for new staff members. But anyway if he is not able to find a right person within the company he will place external advertising using employment agencies. At the moment company employ only part-time employee, so company advertising letter will definitely state this factor, but they never state salary rate. Company never uses internet for employment. If company will need another factory floor worker the necessary skills will be: previous experience on working in the factory, plumbing experience, English language knowledge is essential, team work and good communication manners, good customer service. People with bathroom industry experience will have a better chance to get a work. Even if a possible employee has a good knowledge of work he will be provided by training anyway. Usually fixed-term employee will spend their time on training. So it means company uses sit beside training system. Essential skills for administrati on position: fluent English, good phone manners and excellent customer service, flexibility, managing skills, experience of administrative job or job in the office, good time management, strong bookkeeping knowledge. Relevant experience of industry is not essential but can be an advantage. Manager will not spend a lot of time checking CVs. If person suits require needs manager will arrange interview with that person. The interview flow the simplest way. Manager and assistant will invite the interviewee to the company office and will go through person CV. Mainly manager will pay his attention on skills and experience. He tries to create relax atmosphere during the interview. Usually the manger asks to tell more about previous experience, about the company where interviewee worked, his/her actual duties and actual works carried out. Having a wide experience in that industry manager will easily spot if person is lying and do not have any previous experience. The simple technical questions will let him to understand it. If manager will satisfy his needs and interviewee happy with company rules, salary and other benefits, the person is likely to get a work. During a time when students were looking for a work experience I attended few interviews and it was much structural and formal rather than here in this company. I just have a phone conversation with the manager about my chosen course and my previous experience. Manager of the company likes give a chance to people as well. If they prove themselves as a strong, interested at work and hardworking employee, they will stay in the company even if they do not have enough skills- such an action might motivate people for great performance during probation period and achieving the goals. There is 6 month probation period in the company. As in every company Advanz Hydrotherapy is experiencing some problems with management system which affect company performance as well. In my opinion there is no ideal manager, as staff is always unhappy with something. Manager role is the hardest and the dirtiest role ever, so why this company has the same problem as everywhere. Because of personal business manager might be too stressful sometimes and that fact might affect staff members, what actually de motivate and upset them. Company does not have a proper marketing department employee, whose daily duties involve: web page updating, text messaging, e mailing, promotions and news update in the Facebook page and twitter desk. The person who looks after this part of job is like a contracted employee and works on distance. Office administration is not the right person for such a role as this is not what she likes to do and not what she was trained/studied for. Such a situation is demotivating; create a stress and challenging her. She also do not have a lot of pleasure completing such a task, but also she has no a time and so on this affect company performance as promoting and informal tools do not look strong, competitive enough. Whats more this is not done on daily basis and that affect task quality and consistency. Doing text messaging I realize that phone list is not up to date. Company received a reply from some customers asking to stop messaging. Customer list was not up to date and that annoyed some costumers. So this factor shows company unprofessional side. Being placed in the marketing department I did not have a strong leader beside me and could not became inspired to become interested in such a work. Because of that I do realize I dont want to have any future work connected with marketing. Researching a lot of competitor web pages I find out that a lot of companies are working hard on e-marketing tools and strongly push products in the internet. Advanz Hydrotherapy did not come close to sell products online, but actually it is very common at the moment. I do understand company does not have a budget for such a person at the moment. But anyway such a factor should not d estroy work system of office administrator. There are good points about selecting staff in the company as well, as factory staff is work a lot in their initiative, they are ambitious, creative and they most important is they do care about their work. When there was a busy time for the company guys were always stayed overtime and there were not just money matters as saying again they trying their best to provide an excellent customer service. Manager sees their work and always appreciates it, whats more he is always delighted when guys are coming with new ideas. Manager always asking advices about technical part of work what makes them fill part of the team, being important and valuable, and for sure this is affect quality of their work. I have never heard any customer complain about the baths during my work experience. Summarizing the information above I might say that well-chosen, properly motivated and valued on time employee brings mighty harvest for employer: self-discipline, quality of work, the time of execution and the consequence of all this is usually constant clients and their respect, trust to the company. From another way a dissatisfied workforce may result in low productivity, strikes which will in turn have an adverse affect on the wealth of the owner. Conclusion Concluding the report information I have to say that planning the interview and selecting the rights candidates might seems like as easiest part of Human Resources tasks. But actually it is involve a lot of painstaking subtasks like creating advertising, selecting the CVs, organizing the interviews. The main question what HR management has to answer is -who is the company ideal employee is and how they can describe him, what is an essential skills and education required. Advanz Hydrotherapy manager uses like a lazy style of planning the interview and selecting the rights candidates. Such a style might be related to small company business. There is no departmentalization separation in the company as manager carries a lot of duties himself including Human Resources. Recommendation Observing company HRM system there was some recommendation made: To hire professional marketing person who will strongly orientated on pushing company products. During the bad days manager have to control his patience, as it is very easy to lose staff respect and that will affect company performance Manager has to keep appreciate staff initiative when undertaking some tasks, as this is really motivate staff members Manager has to keep communicate as much as possible with staff members as this will keep team work spirit and inspire staff members for better performance.

The God and Evil Problem Essay - 2279 Words

The God and Evil Problem A strong argument against the existence of a Christian God is contained in the theodicy problem. The existence of suffering is not compatible with an omniscient, omnipotent, omni benevolent superior being. An all-knowing being would be aware that suffering is and always will be in existence; an all-powerful being would be able to prevent suffering; and a perfectly good being would desire to end suffering. Many Christian thinkers have sought to justify this contradiction, and one of the most common counterarguments to the theodicy problem is contained in the free-will defense. Through interpretations of St. Augustine, J.L. Mackie, and David Humes arguments in reference to the God and evil problem, the†¦show more content†¦Augustine blames evil on the mans free will, yet does not blame God for having given man free will. Throughout his Confessions, St. Augustine takes full responsibility for his sins, essentially because he solely places the blame on himself for consciously deciding to turn from God and commit them. As a result of the sins of Adam and Eve, man is no longer has the propensity toward good. The Fall left man unable not to sin. But, the free will defense actually argues that Gods decision to do this was a good thing. Instead of creating beings which were predisposed to good, he made man equally capable of both good and evil. In doing so, God made man morally free. But, because God created the possibility for evil to exist, He also cannot prevent its coming about. As is very evident, some people do choose evil. For Augustine, one can only be saved from the evils of sin through Gods grace. As is prominent throughout the Confessions, as long as a sinner confesses, expresses true sorrow for his wrongful acts, and vows to amend his ways, he will be forgiven. 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The Formation Of Romantic Relationships free essay sample

In 1970 Byrne and Clore came up with the idea of the reward/need satisfaction theory for the formation of romantic relationships. The believed that the formation of relationships was linked with the idea of classical and operant conditioning, with operant conditioning we are likely to repeat behaviours that leads to a desirable outcome and avoid behaviours that lead to undesirables ones, so we enter relationships because the presence of some individuals is directly associated with reinforcement, they make positive feelings in us, which makes them more attractive to us. For classical conditioning, we tend to prefer people who we associate with pleasant events, so for example if we meet someone somewhere where we are having a good time, then we will associate this person with this good time and find them more attractive in the long run. Byrne and Clore believed that the balance between positive and negative feelings in a relationship formation was crucial as relationships where the pos itive outweigh negative feelings were more likely to develop and succeed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Formation Of Romantic Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Griffit and Guay (1969) did an experiment where participants were evaluated on a creative task by the experimenter, and then asked to rate how much they liked the experimenter. The rating was highest when the experimenter had positively evaluated the participant’s performance on the task. The participants also had to say how much they liked the onlooker; the onlooker was rather more highly in the condition where the performance of participants had been positively evaluated by experimenter. This study provides support for both reinforcement ideas and association ideas. Although lab experiments do not necessarily show that the principles of reward/need theory simply apply to real life, the studies lack mundane realism. However some studies have been conducted on real life couples and have tended to support these claims (Caspi Herbener 1990)Another basic problem with the reward/need satisfaction theory is that it only explores receiving rewards, whereas Hays (1985) found that we also gain satisfaction from giving as well as receiving. Furthermore, reward/need satisfaction theory does not account for cultural and gender differences in the formation of relationships. Lott (1994) suggests that in many cultures women are more focused on the needs of other rather than rewarding reinforcement.

Multicultural Health Care Setting free essay sample

Nurses must be cultural competent before going abroad for them to be able to deliver nursing care that will allow effective interactions and the development of appropriate responses to persons from diverse cultures, races and ethnic backgrounds. Filipino nurses were overworked and underpaid in their own country, which is believed the reason that prods nurses to migrate. One main reason why Filipino nurses work abroad is to have a better future, where ever it may be, beside, most of Filipino nurses were somehow oriented about the culture of other states. They thought that it is better to shift gears for success rather waiting for nothing until they will got old. The principle of each and every Filipino nurses that works abroad, which is to have a better life in days to come is always proven, and the effectiveness of hard work and patience will always have the good result, and a better way of living that will bring them in each sweat that they done best, one of the good factor in working abroad is having the assurance to the successful, if one will do their best to do their best to pursue the dreamed to have a better life. We will write a custom essay sample on Multicultural Health Care Setting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every Filipino nurses before going abroad must possess cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter and cultural desire. Q2. How can the revealed problems of nurses affect the changing practices in the multicultural health settings? Being in new country can be challenging because of the link between language and culture. Although other countries have the necessary language qualifications for entry of practice, they have difficulties if the workplace language is their second language. Nurses need to adjust on how to interact with patients, colleagues and fellow professionals in a multi-disciplinary team. They can experience cognitive fatigue from the need to concentrate on hearing and speaking of unfamiliar language. Language difficulties can lead to medical errors or near misses which affects the quality of care to patient. Male nurses can also face discrimination from other health care workers. Particularly in a work place full of female nurses, they may find they are not given the same respect that female nurses receive in the work place. It is important to speak to a supervisor, where it involves a colleague; they should try speaking to that person first. He may not have recognised that what they were saying amounted to discrimination. Everyone deserves a work place free from discrimination and stereotyping. The more men who continue to train to become nurses and more everyone speaks but against discrimination, the more effective all nurses can be in helping patients. Nurses who are sexually harassed at work frustration and emotional consequences. Sexual harassment at work increases anxiety and undermines the nurse’s ability to focus on the delivery of safe and competent care. Homesickness, weather and food are hard for the Filipino nurses to be adjusted of. But for the sake of their future they conquer this problem. They just think that they have higher income, better benefits and compensation package, lower nurse-patient ratio, more options on working hours and change to upgrade nursing skills, opportunity for family to migrate, opportunity to travel and learn other cultures, influence from peers and relatives and to experience advance technology, better socio-political and economic stability. Q3. Guided by the problems uncovered how the political and economic issues in the healthcare system may improve the nursing practice. Give at least five (5) substantial evidences. Politicians worldwide are confronted by the conflicting demands of a health service increasingly hungry for cash to fund advancing technology, an ageing population requiring more care and a public that wishes to keep taxation low. Changes may also come from a real desire to move the focus of healthcare away from an insensitive technological approach to one based on holistic care. At a time when the status of doctors is in decline, hastened by isolated but high profile ‘scandals’, it is easier to raise the status and responsibilities of nurses, whom the public regard with respect and affection. Other pressures have added to this process. These include a requirement to reduce the working hours of junior medical staff, and new training schemes which provide for more formal teaching and less face-to-face contact with patients. The medical focus is changing from treatment only, to active prevention strategies for example, screening for colorectal cancer. Biological therapies, such as antibodies for Crohns disease, are substantially more expensive than traditional drug treatments. Consumers that is, the healthcare-seeking publicare better informed and living longer. They are less tolerant of long waiting lists and want to be active participants in their own healthcare. Nurses are now generally better educated, within a university environment, and are more able to take on responsibility for patient care. The reaction of doctors to change in the status of nurses has been mixed. Some have embraced change enthusiastically: ‘Nurses can do some of what doctors do, usually to the greater satisfaction of patients. Others have been more guarded. But change seems inevitable. The question may be more about whether change will be imposed for the sake of political expediency or whether health professionals will take the lead in shaping the health service of the future. [pic] As I can see this paradigm, the message of this paradigm is as simple as we are committed to delivery of health care service that consist of Transcultural nursing, changing practice, health care system, political and economic issues, ethical, legal and social issues, bioethical issues in nursing and health care and issues in health care.

Free Essays on JBC

In reading Albert Nolan’s Jesus before Christianity, I received a lot of insight about how life was in Jesus’ time and how we still reflect some of this history to the present. Before reading Nolan’s book, I never really understood any of the history behind Jesus. All I knew is that people generally portray him as a good man who only wants the best for everybody. I was very excited when I read the chapters about how Jesus felt about the poor and the oppressed and how he believes in forgiveness. I can say that I was born into the middle class of society just as Jesus was. Even though you can technically say that I am a middle class Samaritan, there have been many points in my life where we were on the brink of poverty. Money has been tight, food has been scarce, and not having shelter was not too far away. I have always been brought up to be happy for what I have because there is always someone out there who has far less then I have and would give anything to have what I have. I have been blessed with parents who would do and give anything for me. When reading the chapter on the poor and oppressed, it didn’t seem so far off from what we see today. We generally link those without homes, prostitutes, the hungry, and the people who are just lazy as being oppressed. In Jesus’ time, the blind, crippled, tax collectors, lepers, and sinners were also categorized with being oppressed and poor. It is no surprise to me that Jesus had compassion for those who were oppressed. Although Jesus did come from the middle class, he associated himself with the lower class and identified himself with them. I think that he was one of the first people who used his gut feeling of compassion. I commend him on not going with the crowd and being his own person; doing what he felt was morally right. I was however, completely shocked and dismayed when I read that the crippled and clinically ill were considered oppressed and worthless. Its one t... Free Essays on JBC Free Essays on JBC In reading Albert Nolan’s Jesus before Christianity, I received a lot of insight about how life was in Jesus’ time and how we still reflect some of this history to the present. Before reading Nolan’s book, I never really understood any of the history behind Jesus. All I knew is that people generally portray him as a good man who only wants the best for everybody. I was very excited when I read the chapters about how Jesus felt about the poor and the oppressed and how he believes in forgiveness. I can say that I was born into the middle class of society just as Jesus was. Even though you can technically say that I am a middle class Samaritan, there have been many points in my life where we were on the brink of poverty. Money has been tight, food has been scarce, and not having shelter was not too far away. I have always been brought up to be happy for what I have because there is always someone out there who has far less then I have and would give anything to have what I have. I have been blessed with parents who would do and give anything for me. When reading the chapter on the poor and oppressed, it didn’t seem so far off from what we see today. We generally link those without homes, prostitutes, the hungry, and the people who are just lazy as being oppressed. In Jesus’ time, the blind, crippled, tax collectors, lepers, and sinners were also categorized with being oppressed and poor. It is no surprise to me that Jesus had compassion for those who were oppressed. Although Jesus did come from the middle class, he associated himself with the lower class and identified himself with them. I think that he was one of the first people who used his gut feeling of compassion. I commend him on not going with the crowd and being his own person; doing what he felt was morally right. I was however, completely shocked and dismayed when I read that the crippled and clinically ill were considered oppressed and worthless. Its one t...

4 things recruiters look for in your resume told by a Facebook manager

4 things recruiters look for in your resume told by a Facebook manager On the annual lists of the best places to work, the tech sector always has a sampling of the hot new startups and companies- but there are also the perennial favorites, like Google and Facebook. This means that the recruiters and hiring teams for these companies are inundated with every kind of applicant and resume you can imagine. Really, they’ve seen it all. So what works with the hiring czars at these hyper-competitive companies? Let’s look at some tips from Jeff Raynar, a hiring manager at Facebook, and how you can apply them to your own resume. 1. Tell your story.When you’re fighting against a pile of probably similar resumes, your uniqueness needs to stand out. The best way to do that is to distinguish your story from the next guy’s. Buzzwords are easy, but creating a clear, cohesive narrative can be more effective.How to do this on your own resume: Make sure your resume bullets aren’t just a laundry list of tasks you’ve held, but a sto ry about how you’ve grown and developed throughout your career, taking on new responsibilities and adding new accomplishments. This is also where your cover letter comes in- you have several paragraphs to show the reader why you’re a great fit for this job and who you are. Use action verbs, not buzzwords. And make sure your story is clear and not too long- think elevator pitch, not monologue. Ideally, you’ll have a chance to talk more about your story in an interview, but on the resume you really just want to stand out from the crowd and get the attention that can get you to the next level.2. Don’t mess with formatting.You might think that the best way to make your resume stand out is to make the font bold, or brightly colored. Not so- the traditional format does just fine, and is a classic for a reason.How to do this on your own resume: You don’t need bells and whistles to grab attention- use your content and words to show your passion, your accom plishments, and your skills.3. Think of it as a marketing presentation.Whether you work in the marketing field or not, you are marketing a product: you. It’s important to understand your audience and target your message (e.g. your resume) accordingly.How to do this on your own resume: Research the heck out of the company, including the job description. What are they seeking? What does the company value, based on its mission statement or website? This info will help you decide what to prioritize in your skills and experience bullets.4. Proofread your resume.Whenever you send in a resume or cover letter, it should be clean and as error-free as humanly possible. You want to impress the reader, but if they can’t even get past glaring typos or unclear grammar, it decreases the chances that they’ll pass your resume on to the next level.How to do this on your own resume: Give everything a close read before you hit â€Å"send.† If at all possible, get a fresh set of eyes. Have a trusted friend or family member read over your materials to make sure a) there aren’t any major mistakes; and b) everything is clear and makes sense. After a while, you’ll start to glaze over your own writing and may miss small mistakes that a third party would notice. So always make room for this extra checking step before your submit.Getting noticed can feel like an uphill challenge when every job opening attracts hundreds of applicants, but the more work you put into your resume now, the better the chances that yours will be one of the lucky resumes chosen from the crowd.

Giving solutions to fix the problem of poor socialization of American Essay

Giving solutions to fix the problem of poor socialization of American children under the age six - Essay Example Child care workers should be given proper training before they are held eligible for child care or babysitting. Stay-at-home parents, especially the mothers, should be given incentives so that they happily stay with their children at homes without having to worry for finances. Community workers should arrange group play and culture group activities in a neighborhood park once or twice in a week, where mothers may bring their young kids, to make them play with others of their age. Toddlers of low income families should be given proper care and support from the government, so that they may be able to enjoy the similar kind of play activities as toddlers of high income families. Institutions should conduct seminars where parents of toddlers are invited, so as to spread awareness about good socialization of children. All of these solutions help a lot in creating such an environment at a societal level, where toddlers can be enabled to achieve high quality socialization skills, which will help them in their lives later on as

Response to students' posting on Revenue Cycle Assignment

Response to students' posting on Revenue Cycle - Assignment Example h patient with the proper maintained history of procedures, through which the patient went through, along with the insurance provider details, to facilitate the funds collection process. In this modern time, hospitals use digital networking techniques to integrate various departments, which make the above mentioned tasks efficient and accurate. The main purpose of the whole practice is to monitor the costs and expenses on each medical procedure (Cleverley & Cameron, 2007). The observations shared by Courtney are valuable to the discussion. It is correctly mentioned, that the participation of the doctor in the process of recordkeeping is as important as other activities concerning this practice, because if doctor does not provide the details of prescription accurately, then the rest of the process becomes meaningless. The entire costing and inventory of equipment and medicines consumed while treating a patient solely depends upon the suggested treatment (Cleverley & Cameron,

Radio and Television in Mass Media Essay Example for Free

Radio and Television in Mass Media Essay A form of media that revolutionized the way humans communicate was the radio. David Sarnoff is the best candidate for the man who put radio on the map. Although it may have not been his choosing, the sinking of the Titanic in 1916 put his name in the record books. For three days straight, the young Sarnoff decoded messages from the sinking ship from his office in New York (Wells 36). The Titanic broadcast was groundbreaking, because it showed and economically profitable way by which radio could be used as a medium of mass communication for ordinary families (Wells 36). By 1930 transmitters were popping up in cities around the nation. A record 30 million households had a set, and the one set per household was becoming a reality (Wells 42). The power of radio was not really noticed until a monumental broadcast in 1939. H.G. Wells War of the Worlds broadcast brought a whole nation to its knees and caused widespread panic among millions of viewers. Hours after the broadcast, people from coast to coast were thrown into panic, believing monsters from Mars, invulnerable space ships were destroying the earth. They took to cars, ran out to warn neighbors, traffic was jammed, church services were ended. Four times during the show the listeners were reminded that they were hearing a dramatization, but many citizens couldnt see past. After the incident, Wells told reporters that radio is a popular democratic machine for disseminating information and entertainment (Naremore 38). The power of radio was soon known, and this incident brought light to it. Today there more than 575 million radios in America alone (Encyclopedia Britannica). The latest study from the National Broadcasting Company found that 90.5 percent of the adult population listens to some type of radio during the week. Today, Clear Channel Communications owns over 1,200 radio stations across the United States, and Cumulus, the second largest owns 266 stations. (Grant, Meadows 141). With the FCC eliminating caps on ownership, one day everyone may be listening to the same news, spun whichever way Clear Channel feels like spinning it; to the left wing, or the right. Traditional radio is facing its toughest battle these days though. Satellite radio is sweeping through the market like a wildfire; with CD-quality sound, and hundreds of channels to choose from, who wouldnt spend the ten dollars a month to have  XM or Sirius? Although both companies reported losses in mid-2004, each service looks to become profitable by the end of 2005 (Grant 142). Radio will be hard-pressed to keep up with satellite. XMs digital music library is among the worlds largest 1.5 million titles and counting. Out of the 121 channels available on XM, 68 are 100% commercial free 24 hours a day, year round, with over 1500 hours of live programming every week. Although XM and Sirius only represent radios 4.5 million subscriptions only represents a fraction of radios 290 million weekly listeners, the number of satellite subscriptions is expected to double in 2005 (Bachman 4). On Christmas Day 2004, over 50,000 subscribers signed up for satellite radio service. If both companies hit their projections, there will be 7.7 million satellite radio subscribers by January 2006 (Bachman 4). Satellite radio isnt the only next generation radio system on the market. In 2004, 10,000 HD radios were sold, with prices ranging from $500-$1,000. B the end of 2005, Strubble predicts there will be a t least 600 HD radio stations, covering 80% of the U.S. and about 100,000 HD radios sold. HD radio representative John Smulyan believes, WE think this is one of those opportunities for game-changing radio business (Bachman 5). Television began with three companies that still dominate the airwaves, ABC, NBC, and CBS. In a world of subscription, these companies till offer free TV, but the ratings are going more towards cable. The clean cut programming that was once aired is being replaced with a plethora of violence and political propaganda that may ruin television. Television ranks just behind radio in penetration in the U.S. With over 106 million home, or 98% of the U.S. population having televisions, there is a plethora of sets ready to catch signals for people to view. Network TV has emerged over the last two decades as the dominant vehicle for interpreting national politics. TV has become the major source of news for the population, and the only news source for others. The problem is that politicians and journalists feed off each other like leeches. The politician needs the journalist for their messages to reach the intended audience, and journalists need the politicians to have something to write about. The coverage politicians seek gives them an outlet from which to speak. Those  who look good in the media can make a good image for themselves. The real problem comes when the news turns out to be propaganda, causing action from an opposing side that leads to deception. More than propaganda, violence seems to be the hot topic debated daily by politician and parent alike. Can what you child sees on television affect how he lives his/her life? E.B. White once said that television is going to be the test of the modern world (Simons 151). There is no doubt that television has become the central activity in homes today. Its ability to entertain, teach and persuade has huge impact on viewers. In the United States 98% of households have at least one set (Simons 149). What is astonishing is that children are watching an average of 7.5 hours a day (Simmons 149). One of the main concerns with television programming is the violence viewed by children that cannot understand the differences between fantasy and reality. Davidson, in a issue of Rolling Stones, agreed that children are vulnerable to television between the ages of 2 to 8 years because of their maturational inability to separate what they view from reality (qtd. in Simmons 152). Violence was such an issue that is came under consideration in the 50s and 60s in Congress. The findings supported the idea that a casual relationship existed between television violence and aggressive behavior. The National Coalition on Television Violence has classified the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as the most violent program ever studied, with almost 200 violent acts per hour (Simmons 150). In an experimental study involving 5 to 11 year olds, children who watch Power Rangers committed seven times more aggressive acts than those who did not. Shows such as these caused a large number of accidents and quarrels due to the children imitating the characters actions. There is no doubt that the television programming has engulfed the U.S. population. As of 2003, 71.3% of U.S. households received cable programming (Grant, Meadows 29). This fact is amazing, because cable had only been around for fifty years. Not only programming is changing, but how we receive it as well. In May 2002, the FCC set a deadline by which all U.S. commercial television broadcasters were required to be broadcasting digital television signals. This date was a little early though, but by September 2003, 38 of 40 stations in the 10 largest markets in the United  States began broadcasting digital television signals (Grant, Meadows 28). By early 2004, 1.5 million household were watching HDTV, and that number is going to rise sharply. This means clearer sound and displays, recordable content, and crisp, clear reception of the same channels that have always been around. What if new 169 television sets make news broadcasts look weird or maybe cartoons might not look good on a widescreen set? There is no telling where the television market will go, hopefully bigger and better; but will content become more subtle, or so radical that new laws must be made to subdue? Radios.Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. 1999. Encyclopedia Britannica. 13 February 2005 Grant, August and Jennifer Meadows. Communication Technology Update. Oxford: Focal Press, 2004. Naremore, James. The Man who caused the Mars Panic. Humanities, Vol 24 (2003) 38-40 Simmons, Betty Jo, Stalsworth, Kelly, Wentzel, Heather. Television Violence and Its Effects on Young Children. Early Childhood Education journal Vol 26 (1999): 149-153 Wells, Alan. Mass Media and Society. Palo Alto, National Press Books. 1972

Romanticism :: Romantic Movement Essays

Romantics often emphasized the beauty, strangeness, and mystery of nature. Romantic writers expressed their intuition of nature that came from within. The key to this inner world was the imagination of the writer; this frequently reflected their expressions of their inner essence and their attitude towards various aspects of nature. It was these attitudes that marked each writer of the Romantic period as a unique being. These attitudes are greatly reflected in the poem â€Å"When I Heard the Learned Astronomer† by Walt Whitman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walt Whitman reflects this Romantic attitude in the speaker of his poem. He situates the speaker in a lecture about astronomy that the speaker finds very dull and tedious. Thus the speaker looks past the charts, diagrams and the work that is involved with them and starts to imagine the beauty of the stars alone. Being lifted out of the lecture room, the speaker is freed of his stress and boredom and is able to enjoy the peace and true beauty that the stars embrace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Varying degrees of Romantic attitude has affected many areas in our lives today. A vast area that Romantic attitude has affected is The Arts. The Arts, composed of many types of genre, are composed and interpreted very different. Some people may look at a painting and imagine extremely different attitudes than the artist who painted it had intended. Another area that the Romantic attitude has drastically affected is fashion. As you glance around you’ll probably observe that very few people dress similar and each person has developed their own style of dress. Fashion often reflects a person’s attitude towards life and may express the mood that the particular person has, this gives each person a unique quality to distinguish them from the rest of society.

Schoolbooks and the Female Stereotype

In the United States schoolbooks tend to show females as a passive and dependent creatures, who are used to serve males. A University of California professor claims that the most widely-used textbooks demonstrate girls in an inferior position to boys. Louise White, of the U. S. Office of Education expresses that because of a strong stereotype most girls think themselves as a servant who only does four jobs – nurse, secretary, teacher and mother. Lenore Weitzman points out that different types of texts were examined and the result was the next: boys are shown in a good way with great qualities and the girls play a passive role usually hidden in the house. If they are together, the girls are either watching the boys do something or they are helping them. Adult men are addressed with various skillful jobs. Elementary texts failed to reflect the complexities of the mother and housewife jobs, in spite of the fact that these â€Å"jobs† are simple but time-consuming. A study was done including many books, companies and stories, and this survey shows that the role of a housewife is a burden done by the women, but for them, this is the only source of happiness. In illustrations women are in a hard and unpleasant position while working, but, the typical father is the â€Å"good guy† who is the fount of all happiness. Professor Weitzman says that young girls tend to think themselves to serve others and have a good-look in order to please others. However, they are generally better than boys by the time they reach adolescence they are getting worse than boys.

Newell Company †Corporate Strategy Essay

How does the corporate office contribute towards Newel’s performance or in other words what value does the corporate office add? †¢Newell had adopted to develop its product line through key acquisitions rather than internal growth. All acquisitions are taken care at the corporate level so that the divisions are not diverted from their core function of generating profit. †¢Potential target firms undergo an intense screening process. They have to be par with company’s existing performance criteria †¢They bring up acquired companies by developing them to become cost efficient through operational strategies and creating profits within a period of 18 months. Some are done with a period of 6 months of time. Newell also have strict control for the time the customers pay, this is within 30-45 days †¢Corporate tightly controls the finances, yet it allows brand and division president autonomy to guide the performance of the business. †¢Corporate office does a good job of seamless linking of its structure, system & processes (SSP) with its businesses and resources. †¢The company attaches great importance to customer relations frequently inviting buyers for plant visits. †¢The companies Newell acquires have potential but undervalued. These companies are suffering because they do not have major clients and there overhead costs are high. †¢Newell focused on good communication within the company and had numerous meetings throughout the year in order for leadership roles to remain informed about other aspects of the company. Division leaders convened several times a year for presidents’ meetings as well as the ability for regular encounters at trade shows throughout the year. †¢Other forms of communication were bracket meetings and the monthly collection of operating figures. Bracket meetings were implemented if there were too many variances within the budget.

Personal Selling And Sales Objectives Example

Personal Selling And Sales Objectives Example Personal Selling And Sales Objectives – Coursework Example Personal Selling and Sales Objectives Advertisement and selling of good have always the interest of a marketer to achieve the focussed target at the end of the month. There are several ways of selling a product or a service to customer. Recently, online retailers have gained a lot of attention in selling goods. Today one can buy anything over the web. As a seller, I personally think that online selling has many advantages. An online retailer does not need a physical shop to display his or her products. So, he or she saves on the physical stores. Secondly, while selling a product to a client in physical store, they might not be able to give the complete information for the product that might influence the customer to purchase the product. Whereas, in the case of an online retailer, he or she can give all the information of the product online which will be necessary for the customer. However, it is up to the customer whether he or she wants to go through each and every information abou t the product.While selling online, the sales objectives are easy to achieve. For example, recently a new trend has been seen when it comes to a launch of a mobile. The seller of the mobile gives the launch date and announces of a limited number of availability of the mobile. This creates a rush in the market and the customers become excited to buy the mobile on a priority basis. In this way, the company is able to sell of its mobile in the fastest way possible.Work CitedCant, M. C, and Neels Van Heerden.  Personal Selling. 1st ed. Lansdowne, South Africa: Juta, 2004. Print.

Animal and Insect Blood That Isnt Red

Animal and Insect Blood That Isn't Red One fun Halloween chemistry project is making edible fake blood recipes. One of these recipes can be used to make blood in any color you like. Why colored blood? Blood comes in different colors, depending on species. While humans and many other species have red blood, due to the iron in their hemoglobin, other animals have different colored blood. Spiders (as well as horseshoe crabs and certain other arthropods) have blue blood due to the presence of copper-based hemocyanin in their blood. Some animals, such as the sea cucumbers, even have yellow blood. What could make blood yellow? The yellow coloration is due to a high concentration of the yellow vanadium-based pigment, vanabin. Unlike hemoglobin and hemocyanin, vanabin does not seem to be involved in oxygen transport. In addition to vanabin, sea cucumbers have enough hemocyanin in their blood to sustain their oxygen needs. Actually, the role of vanabin remains a bit of a mystery. Perhaps it is part of a defense mechanism to make the sea cucumbers unappealing or toxic to parasites and predators. However, sea cucumber is used for cooking in many cultures, where it is prized for its slippery texture and possible health benefits. Vanadium is a controversial dietary supplement, potentially affecting insulin sensitivity and athletic performance.

The Napoleonic Era Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Napoleonic Era - Research Paper Example During the War of the First Coalition the National Convention was replaced by the Directorie. The France was ruled then by five directors. Since then France was ruled by the five directors. As France was still in war with Britain, a plan was drawn to invade Egypt in order to take it away from the Sublime Porte, a British ally (Colton 76). It was Napoleon who suggested that the Directorate should agree to the plan to send the general away from France. On the way to Egypt napoleon succeeded to capture Malta from the Knights Hospitaller. The French met Turkish forces during the Battle of Pyramids and defeated them (McLynn 154) Although the land campaign was a success so far, the French fleet was completely destroyed by the British Navy led by Admiral Nelson. Hearing of Napoleon’s defeat the Splendid Porte gathered her armies to attack the French in Egypt, so Napoleon resorted to the policy of attack. He had invasion of Syria planned yet failed during the Siege of Acre. As a resul t Napoleon had to come back to Europe, though leaving a great part of his army in Egypt. Napoleon returned to Europe at the time when the Second Coalition was threatening the Directorie. Royalists as well as their allies still cherished their plans of restoring Bourbons to power, while the Austrian and Prussian crowns did not put up with their territorial losses they had sustained during the previous war. Russians expelled the French from Italy in such battles as Cassano while Austrians defeated the French in Switzerland at Zurich and Stockach. Having seized the power through a coup in1799 Napoleon established the Consulate. In 1800 Napoleon defeated Austrians at Marengo and at Hohenhlinden. Meanwhile at sea Admiral Louis Levassor de Latouche Treville defeated the British at Bologne. Admiral Nelson anchored and destroyed Norwegian and Danish fleet at Copenhagen because those kingdoms were against English blockade on France. Eventually the Second Coalition was defeated and two distin ct treaties settled peace. In 1803 Americans purchased French Louisiana from French. Napoleon agreed to sell this territory because he considered it to be indefensible. On March 21, 1804 Napoleonic Code was introduced throughout entire territory under French control and on 18 May the Senate proclaimed Napoleon the Emperor initiating thus the French Empire. Actually Napoleon’s reign was constitutional, and though autocratic, it was rather more advanced than the rest of that time European monarchies. Proclamation of the French Empire resulted in creation of the Third Coalition. The French army was now the Great Army (Grande Armee) in 1805. To control the French population Napoleon implemented nationalist rhetoric propaganda to control French people. The French army gained a stunning victory at Ulm, where the whole Austrian army was defeated and captured. Nevertheless, a Franco-Spanish fleet sustained a defeat at Trafalgar, so the plans to invade Britain were crushed. In spite o f that naval defeat the whole war has not been lost yet. Napoleon defeated joint Russian and Austrian forces during the Battle of Austerlitz (Chandler 112). Having defeated Austrians and Russians the French thus destroyed the Third Coalition. Under the Treaty of Pressburg, Austrian monarch lost the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Furthermore under this Treaty Napoleon created the Rhine Confederation

Health IT to improve the quality and safety of medication management Essay

Health IT to improve the quality and safety of medication management - Essay Example The purpose of this study is to explore the type of health IT that has been integrated in health centers to improve the quality of health care offered to the patients. It is also aimed at investigating the impacts of IT on medication prescription. The study will cover two case studies, one in the USA and the other in Australia. Admittedly, good health is vital requirement for every living being. From the medical point of view, human health is considered as a key area that deserves a lot of care and attention. Seriousness should be a driving force for all doctors and other medical practitioners. Bad health poses deathly risks to people; many fatal cases have come to be due to access to poor health facilities. Studies have shown that over the last fewer decades before the incorporation of computing and other modern technologies, many errors have been occurring in the field of medicine. A compelling example is the data got from the US and Australia. Information technology is among other things that have led to tremendous transition in medicine. Information technology has transformed the world greatly leading to better life assurance to patients. All health related issue need the integration of IT in order to mitigate some errors that are currently evident in the field of medicine. The integration of IT in health related issue should be handled with great care or seriousness that is deserved. If integrated as expected, IT can effectively help to save the lives of many. This study will demonstrate important things that need to be done to see to it that improvement has been achieved in safety and quality of treatment using IT. This chapter consists of five sections that are the background of the study, research questions, significant of the study, limitation of the study and its scope. Background of the study The usage of health IT has emerged with the increasing advancement in technology. Health IT refers to the use or practice of information and communication techn ology in health centers to provide health care to patients and the population. Health IT encompasses many activities such as results reporting, health documentation, order communication and care planning, among others. There are quite a number of platforms that can be used in health IT applications. Some of these platforms include cellular phones, touch screen kiosks, personal digital assistants (PDDAs) and desktop computer applications. There are different types of Health IT applications but the widely used include personal health records (PHR), Electronic heath records (EHR) Electronic medical records (EMR), computer provider order entry, telemedicine, alerts and reminders in clinics, computerized systems of clinical decision support, electronic exchange of health information and consumer health informatics applications. The used of health IT has been designed to the delivery of health care services to patients and t

Seamus Heaney Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Seamus Heaney - Assignment Example However, although these themes contextually appear to be poet’s major thematic concerns yet these themes are also a reflection of universal human behavior and interests. Both the poems Follower and Digging take the readers on a journey down the memory lane where the poet is observed to be recalling two incidents of joy and pride from his pasts regarding his father and grandfather. The Follower depicts a tale of a young child who idealizes his father and his profession i.e. farming and reflects on the child’s feelings about his future when he will also get a chance to walk in his father’s footsteps and will be able to work on his beloved lands. The poem also deals with an interesting phenomenon of life i.e. life comes in full circle and evolution under the context that when a child is young he idealizes his father as he sees him at a high pedestal where he can never expect himself to reach that point. Yet as he grows up ultimately he outshines his father’s glory and succeeds his father and then his father is the one who looks up to his son’s success.  Ã‚  However, he also hints upon the changing times where he thinks that his pen is his weapon to succeed in life although he is not ashamed of his roots, in fact, he still finds it delightful to work on the lands along with using the pen as a tool for a better future. Self-identity of a person is the sole constituent that makes up a personality of a human being because it is a proof against an individual’s individuality and an independent existence as it forms the foundation of a man’s ego and self-esteem. Subsequently, it is a natural human instinct to struggle in life in order to retain his independence and never let another individual question his identity for this reason every individual feels pride over his roots as his heritage also provides him self-confidence. Hence Heaney is also observed to be extensively incorporating the theme of identity in both the po ems Followers and Digging which reflects on the Poet’s feeling regarding his life history. As Kenneally (1995) also states, â€Å"the mystical authority of poetry has its analogue in the mystical authority of a particular conception of Ireland, and it is no accident that one of the terms which discussion of Heaney’s poetry and discussion of Irish cultural Politics have in common is ‘Identity’† (p.180). Kenneally also reiterates that Heaney’s poems are, â€Å"carefully structured to give the notion of identity pride of place in Heaney’s critical orientation† (p.180). The readers while reading the poem since the importance that the poet puts in the profession of his ancestors as he believes that farming is his actual identity although he might seek other means to succeed in life. As the poet also states in Digging,

Nurse Intervention in Cervical Screening Programmes

Nurse Intervention in Cervical Screening Programmes Nurses deliver care to patients in an ever-changing environment that revolves around changes in local and governmental policies as well as technology and pharmaceutical advancement for effective practice, (Ellis, 2016). According to Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Conduct (2015), nurses assess patients’ needs and deliver timely, efficient and effective patient care based on the best available evidence. Evidence Based Practice is the integration of best research evidence with nursing practice and patient needs and values to facilitate effective care, it also promotes quality, safe and cost-effective treatment for patients, families, healthcare providers and health care system, (Brown, 2014; Craig and Smyth 2012). This assignment aims to explore an area in nursing, identifying gaps between theory and practice. Using research and discussing strength of the literature and overcoming related issues in the specified area. The assignment will focus on barriers to cervical screening and nurses’ intervention to improve screening programmes. Cervical cancer screening can be detected early and treatment of precancerous cells and cervical cancer, (White et al., 2015) continues to exist. Cervical cancer starts from a pre-invasive stage known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) however, it can be detected through cervical screening, (Foran et al., 2015). Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women globally after breast cancer, (World Health Organization, 2016). According to the Department of Health (DH) (2012a) detecting cervical cancer at an early stage can prevent around 75% from developing. World Health Organization (WHO) (2015a) asserts that prevention and early detection of cervical cancer is cost –effective and a long-term strategy.   Hoppenot et al (2012) points out that screening can reduce incidence and death rates. Research shows cervical screening is associa ted with improved treatment for invasive cervical cancer, (Andrea et al., 2012). This highlights the importance of cervical screening programmes. Cervical screening reduces the occurrence of cervical cancer and research shows it prevents approximately 4500 deaths annually in Britain, (Bryant, 2012). In England, there is an invitation for screening for women aged 25-64.   Women aged 25-49 should attend screening appointment every three years and women aged 50-64 every five years, (Health and Social Care Information, 2012).   However, the last fifteen years has seen a gradual increase in more women being left unscreened for   five years or above, from 16% in 1999 to 22% in 2013 (Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2013). Research shows differences in screening is among women who are younger, lower income earners, less educated or women from minority ethnic background and sexually abused women, (Waller et al., 2012; Cadman et al.,2012; Marlow et al., 2015; Albrow et al., 2014). A comprehensive search of databases for literature review namely, Medline, Science Direct, CINAHL, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and Cochrane. An advance search strategy including ‘Cervical Screening, Barriers to Cervical Screening, Early Detection Cervical Cancer and Cervical Screening Adherence’. The search was refined to literature in the past five years and incorporated international literatures from United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden and Korea to give an insight of those barriers from a global perspective. Firstly, as regards discussion of non-attendance among women from minority ethnic background. Marlow et al (2015) conducted both qualitative and quantitative study titled ‘Understanding cervical screening non-attendance among ethnic minority women in England’. The study investigated and compared differences in attendance among 720 women from minority ethnic background and White British women. For clarification purpose, ethnic minority are black, Asian and minority ethnicity (BAME). The study found that BAME women were less likely to attend cervical screening with 44-71% non-attenders compared to 12% white British women. This highlights the need for more intervention by nurses to improve practice. Reducing inequality in cancer pathway particularly among minority ethnic groups is a policy priority (Dept. of Health 2011). Marlow et al (2015) found that women from ethnic minority viewed that they were not sexually active so they did not have to do the test. This is an important aspect for nurses to educate in order to improve practice and to promote attendance with educational materials in various languages for better interpretation. The study also found 65% women from minority ethnic background believed they do not need to attend smear test in the absence of any symptoms compared to 6% white British women. These barriers are primarily associated with lower education and lower socio- economic status, (Fang and Baker, 2013).   It is surprising that women are still not aware of cervical cancer screening when people should have received letters and leaflets as part of the NHS programme, this highlights that women who have never attended screening had not read any information, (Kobayashi, 2016). Furthermore Benito et al. (2014) argued that nursing activities were mainly in areas namely health education and promotion, clinical, research, training, and program evaluation. Nurses’ intervention to educate thereby improving knowledge and understanding of cervical cancer and the benefits of screening is essential. In addition, participants had deep-seated personal opinions including fear and embarrassment. Ethnic minority women were more likely to be fearful and preferred female health practitioner. To improve practice support groups in the community may be a good avenue to discuss about screening. These interventions should lay emphasis on the efficacy of cervical screening and address concerns regarding shame and embarrassment. The main strength of this study is information from a large population that makes it a relevant and reliable study to improve cervical cancer screening programme. A qualitative study conducted by Cadman et al (2012) titled ‘Barriers to cervical screening in women who have experienced sexual abuse; an exploratory study.   Women from the age of twenty and above who visit the Website of the National Association for People Abused in Childhood (NAPAC), a United Kingdom Charity who provide support and information for people from abusive background were invited to complete a web-based survey of their opinions and experiences of cervical screening. This survey included closed questions assessing social class, screening history and past records of abuse. Participants indicated the type of abuse they had experienced either physical, sexual, emotional, neglect, spiritual or any other form of abuse. Study shows women who have a history of sexual abuse are at risk of gynaecological problems and cervical neoplasia compared to women who have not. Women who have been sexually abused are more likely to smoke, take drugs and consume alcohol. The study revealed that a number of barriers impeded their attendance and adherence to cervical screening including embarrassment, lack of trust on meeting someone for the first time, gender of smear taker, pain, tension, fear and anxiety. The findings indicated that some study participants made remarks about the intrusive nature of the test. Some participants mentioned they were not comfortable with interventions performed while on their backs.   The argument suggest that women who have history of sexual abuse may be fearful and anxious because of triggering memories of the trauma so they may avoid such responses which is true therefore this study is valid and reliable. In relation to evaluation and analysis of the study, the findings also revealed that further training should be provided to increase nurses’ knowledge and sensitivity.   NMC Code (2015) points out that health care providers respect individual choices and deliver care without delay.   In an event of a sensitive discussion, nurses are required to ask patient preference and should remain professional not expressing any sign of shock. Fujimori et al. (2014) argues that to attain effective communication, nurses should inquire patients’ preferences and expectations at the start of the screening process. To improve this skill can be taught in communications skills training which has proven to be an effective approach. Nurses could show empathy by explicitly asking women about their expectations of the screening encounter and whether they have any concerns. This may help to surface issues that the nurse and patient could tackle together to minimise anxiety and fear. For example, it could be to provide the option of a female practitioner for the cervical screening appointment, maintain dignity and sensitivity. Effective communication between nurses and patients is essential. To achieve this, however, nurses must be sensitive to their specific needs and demonstrate empathy. Having nurses who are adequately trained with special knowledge of abuse is essential. There should be interventions such as counselling and support activities as part of ways of ensuring that they attend screening. This is particularly important at cervical screening appointments for sexually abused patients to deliver safe and sensitive practice. The Waller et al (2012) conducted a qualitative study evaluating differences to barriers among women from different ages. The study   interviewed practitioners working in the screening programme and other related charities as well as women who never attended screening focusing on their views on how age can influence non- attendance and non-adherence in cervical screening. The study found that women were classified into two distinct groups, which were those who wanted to go for screening but did not attend which consisted younger women and others who had decided not to attend were mainly older women. Wardle (2016) argues that nurses’ intervention at improving uptake could be beneficial by considering different approaches for various age groups to improve practice. The findings of the following analysis identified barriers that included many described in other studies namely fear of discomfort, pain, embarrassment and lack of education. There is a reliable argument that providing support with when, where and booking an appointment is effective. Additionally one of the key themes emerging from the study is that older women are more conscious about their bodies as they age. For example, one participant discussed about changes in her self-image as she grew older and how it has affected her self-esteem and how she feels reluctant to undergo invasive procedures.   Nurses could encourage action by   reassuring older women and   to remind them of the importance and benefits of cervical screening. Sabatino et al (2012) argued that effective communication improves cervical screening. This systematic review by Albrow et al (2014) found similar findings with Waller et al (2012) further evaluated the influence of intervention in cervical screening evidence uptake amongst women less than 35 years. The findings from the study increased validity and reliability from the argument that younger women are less likely to attend cervical screening. Ninety-two records were screened and four studies investigated. One of the studies evaluated the use of invitation letters and reported no significant increase compared to standard invitation. Three studies investigated the effect of reminder letters. Study participants described how screening was yet another demand on their time and often competed with work and childcare, which are of higher priority. For others, they could not attend due to inconvenient location, fear, discomfort and embarrassment, (Waller et al., 2012). There was a widely view among 30 year old women as sickness was associated with old age and felt they had no reason to attend screening (Blomberg, 2011). Analysis of the findings   indicate an increase in the number of women attending cervical screening after receiving reminder letters compared to those that were not given, however the increase was relatively small. For this reason, cervical screening programmes need to look beyond the use of invitation and reminder letters among younger women and to develop other interventions to overcome as many barriers. Another study reported no increase amongst women aged 20-24, although in some places these women are below the age threshold. However, the same study reported an increase among 25-29 (95%) and 30-34 that also reported (95%) increase. It could be argued that there is some evidence to suggest that reminder letters had positive effects on adherence to cervical screening programmes. The results also showed that telephone reminder from a female nurse, which had 6.3% and 21.7% increase. The study also reported 2.4% increase after a physician reminder. In evaluation of how nurses can improve practice among these, age group there is a need to remove practical barriers and provide other incentive methods that includes mass media campaigns and educational intervention. There are so many users of social media especially within this age group and if used properly it will play a significant role in creating awareness and educating patients (Merolli et al., 2013). Concerning low perceived risk, this may relate to misperceptions of the purpose of the screening programmes with patients focusing on detection rather than prevention of cervical cancer.   Again, patients should be empowered through social support in the community.   In addition, nurses can educate, giving information regarding importance and benefits of cervical screening. Lastly, the review of GP incentive such as nurses providing flexibility in appointment times and out of clinic days will improve practice. In conclusion, cervical cancer is preventable and relatively easy to diagnose. Several barriers upon women’s decision to attend cervical screening programme have been identified. Given this, there is a need for how women view cervical cancer and make screening decision. This assignment collates available evidence in order to investigate potential psychosocial influences on women from different perspectives. It is essential that patients adhere to nurses’ advice and educational interventions. In order to improve cervical cancer patient experience, there is a need that nurses receive adequate training and develop skills that can improve practice. One possible strategy is being sensitive to the screening process as a result of its intimate nature combined with effective communication. Nurses can play an important role in treating patients with dignity, respect and showing empathy. This can make a difference to all women most especially women who have experienced sexual abuse. Another contributing factor is to respect patients’ choice; an example is providing preferred gender of the sample taker. This could encourage more attendance and adherence to the cervical screening programme. PART 2 Reflective practice is essential to nursing profession. My search for the best evidence for cervical cancer screening interventions began by doing literature search. Designing a research study is an advanced and complex skill that requires clinical experience as well as analysing and evaluating the research design. While doing my research I focused on the needs of patients and effectiveness of nursing interventions. The result of my search enabled me acquire knowledge and skills in patient care by extensive literature search using electronic databases and advanced search with combined words. Discovering how to refine my search using full text and finding up to date evidence in the last five years.   My skills have greatly improved using electronic databases. This was done in order to obtain relevant up to date search. NMC (2015) requires nurses use up to date evidence and competent to practice. Such insight in itself is relevant to nursing competency and can help to improve patient care.   I read and understood articles relevant to nursing practice, clinical expertise and understanding patient values. Reading the research articles and reflecting on each one, identifying assumptions, key concepts and methods and determined whether the conclusions were based on their findings. Appraising the steps of the research process in order to critically analyse and use it to inform practice. This developed my assessment skills and I was able to identify valid and reliable studies. Reviews and ratings of the evidence resulted in recommendations for practice. According to National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) 2013, nursing research is defined as research that involves and develops nursing care in order to promote patient healthcare. Nurses play an important role in the National Health Service (NHS) they provide front line services, support patients and contribute to health research. Furthermore, research generates knowledge for nurses and contribute towards health care (Parahoo, 2014). I am more enlightened about the importance of analysing and evaluating research studies, which helps nurses to acquire more knowledge and be up to date with evidence thereby promoting patient care. It is evident that evidence base practice will continue to have great impact on the professional practice of nursing. Evidence based practice is important in nursing because it improves patient outcomes, care is delivered more effectively and efficiently and it minimises error, (Houser,   2016). I have acquired more knowledge, skills during the duration of this evidence based practice assignment and recognised my strengths, and areas that I needed to improve on. 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British Medical Colorectal Public Health, Vol. 16, pp. 659. Marlow, L.A., Wardle, J. and Waller, J. (2015) Understanding cervical screening non-attendance among ethnic minority women in England. British Journal of Cancer, Vol. 113, pp. 833-839. Merolli, M., Gray, K. and Martin Sanchez, F. (2013) Health outcomes and related effects of using social media in chronic disease management; a literature review and analysis of affordances. Journal of Biomedical Information. Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2015) the Code; Professional Standards of Practice and Behaviour for Nurses and Midwives. NMC, London. The Health and Social Care Information Centre annual report- 2012 to 2013 www.gov.uk/†¦/thehealth-and-social-care-information-centre-annual-report-an Wardle, J., Wanger, C.N., Kralji-Hans, I., Halloran, S.P., Smith, S.G. and McGregor, L.M. (2016) Effects of evidence-based strategies to reduce the socioeconomic gradient of uptake in the English NHS Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (ASCEND) ;four cluster- randomised controlled trials. Lancet, pp.751-759. White, A., Thompson, T.D. and White, M.C. (2015) cancer screening test- use- United States. MM WR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep, Vol. 66, pp. 201-206. World Health Organisation (2015a) Cancer. {Online} {Accessed on September 12 2017}